{"id":687,"date":"2010-02-01T07:16:58","date_gmt":"2010-02-01T05:16:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/?p=687"},"modified":"2010-02-01T07:16:58","modified_gmt":"2010-02-01T05:16:58","slug":"gosterge-biliminde-eklemlilik-kavrami-bahar-derviscemaloglu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/?p=687","title":{"rendered":"G\u00d6STERGE B\u0130L\u0130M\u0130NDE &#8220;EKLEML\u0130L\u0130K&#8221; KAVRAMI, Bahar DERV\u0130\u015eCEMALO\u011eLU"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #363636;\"><strong>G\u00d6STERGE B\u0130L\u0130M\u0130NDE &#8220;EKLEML\u0130L\u0130K&#8221; KAVRAMI, Bahar DERV\u0130\u015eCEMALO\u011eLU<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bahar DERV\u0130\u015eCEMALO\u011eLU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>G\u00d6STERGEB\u0130L\u0130MDE \u201cEKLEML\u0130L\u0130K\u201d (ARTICULATION) KAVRAMI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6stergebilimsel d\u00fczg\u00fcler (codes), yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya da \u201ceklemlilik\u201dlerinin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterirler. G\u00f6stergebilimciler taraf\u0131ndan \u201cd\u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ifade etmek i\u00e7in kulan\u0131lan \u201ceklemlilik\u201d terimi, Andr\u00e9 Martinet\u2019nin yap\u0131sal dilbiliminden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu terimin g\u00f6stergebilimdeki kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha \u00e7ok y\u00fck vagonlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine eklemlenebilmesine benzer \u015fekilde, yani birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan ayr\u0131labilir par\u00e7alara sahip olma anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Pierre Guiraud, g\u00f6stergebilimsel eklemlili\u011fi \u015f\u00f6yle tamamlar: \u201cBir bildiri (message), anlaml\u0131 birimlere b\u00f6l\u00fcnebildi\u011finde eklemlidir. \u201cAnlaml\u0131\u201d olu\u015f, elbette ki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00f6stergebilimsel kendiliklerin (entity) varolma ko\u015fuludur. Mesela yol panolar\u0131ndaki kamyon, tekerlekler, \u015fasi, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc yeri gibi b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131\u015fabilir. Ama bu \u00f6\u011felerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da yoklu\u011fu g\u00f6stergenin de\u011ferini etkilemez. Oysa ceket giyinmemek ya da yerine kazak giyinmek, bir giysi tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir.\u201d S\u00f6zl\u00fc dil modelinden hareketle, eklemli bir d\u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcn daha geni\u015f anlaml\u0131 birle\u015fimler ortaya koymak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilen s\u00f6zdizimsel (syntactical) kurallarla birlikte temel birimlerden olu\u015fan bir \u201cs\u00f6zc\u00fck da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d (vocabulary) vard\u0131r. \u201c<em>\u00c7ift eklemlilik<\/em>\u201de (double articulation) sahip g\u00f6stergebilimsel bir d\u00fczg\u00fc (t\u0131pk\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc dilde oldu\u011fu gibi) iki soyut yap\u0131sal d\u00fczeyde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilir: Daha y\u00fcksek bir d\u00fczey \u201c<em>birinci eklemlilik<\/em>\u201d (first articulation), daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir d\u00fczey ise \u201c<em>ikinci eklemlilik<\/em>\u201d (second articulation) d\u00fczeyi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Yol panosundaki g\u00f6stergede ikinci eklemlilik yoktur ancak eklemlili\u011fin hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenemez, sadece birinci eklemlili\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Birinci eklemlilik d\u00fczeyinde dizge, mevcut olan \u201cen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck anlaml\u0131 birimler\u201dden olu\u015fur. (Mesela bir dildeki <em>bi\u00e7imbirimler<\/em> (morphemes) ve <em>kelimeler<\/em>) Bu eklemlilik d\u00fczeyine dilde, \u201c<em>gramatikal d\u00fczey<\/em>\u201d denir. Bu d\u00fczeydeki anlaml\u0131 birimler, her biri bir g\u00f6steren ve g\u00f6sterilenden olu\u015fan eksiksiz g\u00f6stergelerdir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kinci eklemlilik d\u00fczeyinde, g\u00f6stergebilimsel bir d\u00fczg\u00fc, tek ba\u015f\u0131na anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayan \u201cen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015flevsel birimler\u201de b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir. (Mesela konu\u015fmadaki <em>sesbirimler<\/em> (phonemes) ve yaz\u0131daki <em>yaz\u0131birimler<\/em> (graphemes)) Tamamen ayr\u0131msal (differential) ve yap\u0131sal olan bu birimler, d\u00fczg\u00fcdeki yinelenebilen \u00f6zelliklerdir. Bunlar tek ba\u015flar\u0131na birer g\u00f6sterge de\u011fildir. (Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlerin anlaml\u0131 g\u00f6stergeler haline getirilmesi i\u00e7in d\u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcn mutlaka birinci eklemlilik d\u00fczeyinin olmas\u0131 gerekir) Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimler, bir \u015feye i\u015faret etmeyen g\u00f6sterge \u00f6\u011feleridir. Her iki d\u00fczeyi de i\u00e7eren bir d\u00fczg\u00fcde, bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlerin i\u015flevi, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck <em>anlaml\u0131 <\/em>birimleri ay\u0131rt etmektir. Mesela dildeki \/k\/, \/b\/, \/s\/ sesbirimleri, ikinci eklemlili\u011fin \u00f6\u011feleridir ve bunlar\u0131n i\u015flevi, dilin birinci eklemlilik d\u00fczeyinin \u00f6\u011feleri olan \/kel\/, \/bel\/, \/sel\/ gibi kelimeleri birbirinden ay\u0131rt etmektir. Dildeki ikinci eklemlilik d\u00fczeyi, g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, <em>sesbilimsel <\/em>(phonological) bir d\u00fczeydir.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6stergebilimsel d\u00fczg\u00fcler ya tek eklemli ya \u00e7ift eklemli ya da eklemsizdir. \u00c7ift eklemlilik (double articulation), g\u00f6stergebilimsel bir d\u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcn, az say\u0131da birim kullanarak say\u0131s\u0131z anlaml\u0131 birle\u015fimler olu\u015fturmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00f6\u011felerin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kullan\u0131m\u0131, \u201c<em>g\u00f6stergebilimsel ekonomi<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Hjelmslev, \u00e7ift eklemlili\u011fi, dilin temel ve tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7ift eklemlilik, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dilin yarat\u0131c\u0131 ekonomisine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Dil, az say\u0131da g\u00f6sterge kullanan, fazlas\u0131yla ekonomik bir g\u00f6stergebilimsel dizgedir. Dilsel ekonomi, \u00f6\u011frenmeyi ve hat\u0131rlamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dil, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde \u00fcretkendir. Mesela bir dilde 40-50 civar\u0131nda ikinci eklemlilik \u00f6\u011fesi yani sesbirim bulunabilir ancak bunlardan y\u00fczbinlerce c\u00fcmle \u00fcretilebilir. Sonu\u00e7ta Noam Chomsky\u2019nin belirtti\u011fi gibi, dilin yarat\u0131c\u0131 ekonomisi bize, daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonsuz say\u0131da c\u00fcmle \u00fcretme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n<p>John Lyons\u2019a g\u00f6re \u201c<em>ikilik<\/em>\u201d (duality), ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cnedensizlik\u201dle ili\u015fkilidir. E\u011fer her sesbilimsel \u00f6\u011feyle anlam\u0131 aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan -ister uzla\u015f\u0131msal isterse do\u011fal- ikonik bir ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 bulunsayd\u0131, sesbilimsel \u00f6\u011feleri birbirleriyle birle\u015ftirme olana\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131rd\u0131. Roman Jacobson\u2019a g\u00f6re ise dilsel birimlerin birle\u015ftirilmesinde artan bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck derecesi s\u00f6z konusudur. Mesela ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerin sesbirimlerle birle\u015ftirilmesinde, birey-konu\u015fucunun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fczg\u00fc (code), s\u00f6z konusu dilde kullan\u0131labilecek b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00a0 olanaklar\u0131 zaten belirlemi\u015ftir. Sesbirimleri kelimelerle birle\u015ftirirken de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Kelimelerle c\u00fcmle olu\u015ftururken ise konu\u015fucu daha az s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihayetinde c\u00fcmlelerin s\u00f6zcelerle (utterance) birle\u015ftirilmesinde birey-konu\u015fucunun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc artar ve b\u00f6ylece yeni ba\u011flamlar yaratabilir. Jacobson\u2019un da belirtti\u011fi gibi, c\u00fcmle d\u00fczeyinin \u00f6tesinde bile, kelimeleri kullanma \u015feklimiz bize a\u00e7\u0131k olan olanaklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan dilsel uzla\u015f\u0131mlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer bu normlardan fazla uzakla\u015f\u0131rsak, bildiri\u015fimde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olabiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>Baz\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fclerde sadece birinci eklemlilik vard\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6stergebilimsel dizgeler, g\u00f6stergelerden yani sistematik olarak birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan anlaml\u0131 \u00f6\u011felerden olu\u015fur ancak bu g\u00f6stergeleri en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve kendi ba\u015f\u0131na anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayan \u00f6\u011feler halinde yap\u0131land\u0131racak ikinci bir eklemlilik yoktur.\u00a0 Bir d\u00fczg\u00fcdeki en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve yinelenen yap\u0131sal birimin anlaml\u0131 oldu\u011fu yerde, d\u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece birinci eklemlili\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6stergebilimci, s\u00f6zl\u00fc olayan bildiri\u015fimin, hayvan bildiri\u015fimiyle ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli dizgelerin sadece birinci eklemlili\u011fe sahip oldu\u011funu savunur. \u00c7ift eklemlili\u011fin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer g\u00f6stergebilimsel d\u00fczg\u00fclerde, sadece ikinci eklemlilik vard\u0131r. Bunlar belirli anlamlara sahip g\u00f6stergelerden olu\u015fur ve bu anlamlar o g\u00f6stergelerin \u00f6\u011felerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamaz. Bunlar sadece \u201cbeti\u201dlere (figurae) yani en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015flevsel birimlere b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Eklemsiz d\u00fczg\u00fcler, birbiriyle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili olmayan bir g\u00f6stergeler dizisinden olu\u015fur. Bu g\u00f6stergeler, yinelenen birle\u015fimsel \u00f6\u011felere ayr\u0131lamaz. Mesela \u201c\u00e7i\u00e7eklerin dili\u201d, eklemsiz bir d\u00fczg\u00fcd\u00fcr \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her \u00e7i\u00e7ek \u00e7e\u015fidi, d\u00fczg\u00fcdeki di\u011fer g\u00f6stergelerle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olmayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir g\u00f6stergedir. Eklemsiz d\u00fczg\u00fcler, yinelenebilen \u00f6zellikleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, ekonomik de\u011fildirler.<\/p>\n<p>Eklemlilik kavram\u0131 k\u0131saca, g\u00f6stergebilimsel bir dizgeyi temel d\u00fczeylere ay\u0131rmay\u0131 ifade eder. S\u00f6zl\u00fc dil s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bu d\u00fczeyler \u201cses\u201d ve \u201canlam\u201d terimleriyle ifade edilebilir. Bu da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a Saussure\u2019\u00fcn <em>i\u015fitim-imgesi<\/em> (g\u00f6steren) ve <em>kavram <\/em>(g\u00f6sterilen) ayr\u0131m\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir. \u00c7ift eklemli bir g\u00f6stergebilimsel dizgede, g\u00f6sterenin ve g\u00f6sterilenin d\u00fczeyleri nispeten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r. D\u00fczanlam, yananlam ve mit de g\u00f6stergebilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan birer d\u00fczey olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rlar. Mesela Hjelmslev ve Barthes bunlar\u0131 anlamlama dizgeleri olarak de\u011ferlendirir. Saussure ise daha genel olarak t\u0131pk\u0131 \u201c<em>yirmi dokuz<\/em>\u201d g\u00f6stergesinin <em>yirmi<\/em> ve <em>dokuz <\/em>\u015feklinde basit g\u00f6stergelerden olu\u015fan karma\u015f\u0131k bir g\u00f6sterge olmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6stergelerin kendilerinin de g\u00f6stergeler i\u00e7erebilece\u011fini belirtir. Daha geni\u015f olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, tam bir metin, \u00e7e\u015fitli say\u0131da g\u00f6stergelerden olu\u015fan bir g\u00f6sterge say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Guiraud, Pierre, <strong>G\u00f6stergebilim<\/strong>, \u00e7ev. Mehmet Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Ankara, \u0130mge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1994.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aber.ac.uk\/media\/Documents\/S4B\/sem-gloss.html\">http:\/\/www.aber.ac.uk\/media\/Documents\/S4B\/sem-gloss.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.aber.ac.uk\/media\/Documents\/S4B\/sem08.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G\u00d6STERGE B\u0130L\u0130M\u0130NDE &#8220;EKLEML\u0130L\u0130K&#8221; KAVRAMI, Bahar DERV\u0130\u015eCEMALO\u011eLU Bahar DERV\u0130\u015eCEMALO\u011eLU G\u00d6STERGEB\u0130L\u0130MDE \u201cEKLEML\u0130L\u0130K\u201d (ARTICULATION) KAVRAMI G\u00f6stergebilimsel d\u00fczg\u00fcler (codes), yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya da \u201ceklemlilik\u201dlerinin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterirler. G\u00f6stergebilimciler taraf\u0131ndan \u201cd\u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ifade etmek i\u00e7in kulan\u0131lan \u201ceklemlilik\u201d terimi, Andr\u00e9 Martinet\u2019nin yap\u0131sal dilbiliminden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu terimin g\u00f6stergebilimdeki kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha \u00e7ok y\u00fck vagonlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine eklemlenebilmesine benzer \u015fekilde, yani birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan ayr\u0131labilir [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3968,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-687","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gostergebilimi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/687","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3968"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=687"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/687\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":688,"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/687\/revisions\/688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=687"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=687"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ege-edebiyat.org\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}